Summary of the Big Bang theory
The theory or hypothesis of the Big Bang (Big Bang) to explain the origin of the universe, is the most accepted by the scientific community today.
In this paradigm the universe began some 14,000 million years ago with a big bang.
Immediately after this phenomenon occurred the space, time, energy and matter were created. Everything around us, clothing, water, trees, our cars and houses, everything that is constituted by the matter formed by the Big Bang. The hydrogen is water, formed immediately after the Big Bang occur.
Immediately after this phenomenon occurred the space, time, energy and matter were created. Everything around us, clothing, water, trees, our cars and houses, everything that is constituted by the matter formed by the Big Bang. The hydrogen is water, formed immediately after the Big Bang occur.
But due to the force of gravity or gravity that attracts the planets to each other, the outward movement will slow until canceled. From this time there will be a contraction of the Universe to its gravitational collapse; Big Crunch (Big Crunch), then disappearing into nothingness.
The theory continues to ensure that after the total collapse, followed by a new expansion, another Big Bang, and so on indefinitely in an infinite series of Big Bang and Big Crunch that also justify an infinite number of universes. The theory does not come to explain the causes of the Big Bang
The proof of this theory should astronomer Edwin Hubble , who in 1929 observed that the universe is constantly expanding and therefore, all galaxies are moving apart.
But the origin of the Big Bang, is the greatest mystery of all time. Although the Big Bang theory llamaos; it is paradoxical that tells us nothing of the Big Bang
Questions:
Did the universe have a beginning ?. Where did the universe come from ?. How and why did you start ?. You will end ?.How will this end ?. What exploded in the Big Bang ?. Why he bursts ?. What had before the big bang?
If we knew these answers would be the ultimate triumph of human reason, we would know the mind of the created. "Professor Stephen Hawking, a theoretical physicist.
Background of the theory of Big Bang
Before the twentieth century, no one had suggested that the universe was expanding or contracting. Then it was accepted that the universe was created more or less as we see it today. The scientific community agreed in thinking that the universe was static and eternal. We humans feel comfortable believing eternal truths. We grow old and die but the universe is eternal and motionless.
When people believed that the universe is static, theological or metaphysical question was then whether it was or not a principle. Under this theory of a stationary universe, the origin of time would have been made by the creator, an external being to the universe; but really there is no need for a physical beginning of time. God could create the universe at any instant of time. But if the universe was expanding, there would be reason to believe that there was a beginning.
But suddenly everything changed. In 1929, Edwin Hubble from the Mount Wilson Observatory in Los Angeles, made a crucial discovery. He observed that galaxies were not static and also moving away from the earth at an incredible speed. It was the first test of the Big Bang.
Wherever you want you look, distant galaxies are moving away from us; that is, the universe is expanding. In addition, the speed at which the planets are moving away from the earth is proportional to the distance of the planet earth. Galaxies twice as far are moving at twice the speed; which are three times, move three times faster. Everything is moving away from us. This theory is called Hubble's Law
According to this view, in the past planets and galaxies they should be closer, closer together each other. The movement should start from a central point. Midendo the rate of expansion, cosmologists have estimated the date of birth of our universe. It seems that some 13.7 billion years ago all objects in the universe were in exactly the same place; then being infinite density of the universe.
Hubble's observation suggested that there was a phenomenon called big bang (the Big Bang), the universe was infinitesimally small and infinitely dense. Under these conditions it is not possible to apply our theories and predictions. We can consider that the origin of time is the big bang, because prior to this, previous times would not be defined.
We may imagine that God created the universe at the instant of the big bang, but not before. Nothing existed before. An expanding universe does not preclude the existence of a creator, but limited when it could have created the universe.
The History of the Universe: The Big Bang Theory
In the beginning of time the universe came from an explosion, from absolute nothingness at all. This "everything" is only an infinitely small point, incredibly hot and unimaginable density, a point of pure energy. The Bing Bang was immense, he created the entire mass of 400,000 million galaxies we know today from nowhere. Then it occupied the entire universe a trillionth of a centimeter.
The first to appear was the force gravity . At this time it was defined as the form and content of the universe. The severity defines the viability of our universe. If it had been a little weaker, matter is quickly disintegrate and not have formed galaxies. Too serious, had not formed the universe, black holes have swallowed all matter . It is a delicate balance. Fortunately we have the optimum gravity! Luckily the Big Bang provided the right amount of gravity.
Last a split second after it appeared the force of gravity, a huge wave of energy came off and began the expansion of the universe in all directions at an unimaginable speed. All this at a speed greater than that of light , because nothing can go faster than light, if we understand nothing as empty space. The latter was a problem for the great minds of the most brilliant scientists.
To describe these phenomena so fast, we had to define a new unit of time, was called Planck time. There are more units of Planck time in a second that all second elapsed since the Big Bang. That is a long drive from Plank It is equal to 1/10 43 seconds . It is such a tiny timescale beyond the common sense.
A few units of Planck time after the big bang, the universe was so small it fit in the palm and in a split second later it expanded to the size of Earth and then at the speed of light, it reached the size of our solar system. It was still a storm of radiant energy. The temperature was trillion degrees; within a star like the Sun would be a peaceful haven when compared with the universe a split second after the big bang.
By expanding the universe begins to cool and start a new phase in the evolution of the universe. The pure energy of the explosion turns on and the first subatomic particles appear. Then the first matter in the universe appears. The energy became matter; upside down as in the nucleres reactions.
The transformation of energy into matter was anticipated by Albert Einstein statement years before the Big Bang theory.The equation E = mc 2 equation is the most popular and explains precisely the equivalence between energy and matter.The energy can be transformed into energy and energy into matter. This equation explains the atomic bomb. In a nuclear explosion, a small amount of matter is converted into energy. During formation of the universe the reverse occurred, the energy transformed into particulate matter. No matter energy needed to start was enough. At the beginning I had enough energy to generate all matter in the universe.
The conditions were so extreme that the matter was formed, had nothing to do with the matter we see today in the universe. Still no atoms but subatomic particles. matter and energy was transformed simultaneously. He is appearing and disappearing matter. But slowly and as a result of cooling due to the expansion of the universe, the particles became more stable and stopped transformed into energy. Primitive particles with decreasing temperature also decreased its speed and conditions for forming the first element atoms, hydrogen occurred. A second later appeared helium and lithium.
After three minutes after the big bang, it has had passed the most important things in the process of formation of the universe.
About 380,000 years after the big bang the universe began to be transparent. The initial particles had a milky appearance to the world of cloud and little by little as it was late in the process of condensation of matter from subatomic particles to atoms of hydrogen, helium and lithium, the universe lost its appearance of white cloud and went making more transparent. The universe, being more transparent allowing the first light emissions abroad. In 1964, 14,000 million years after the big bang, two young researchers in New Jersey discovered by accident this radiation.
Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson when they were working radio signals mapping of our galaxy, wherever they wanted, always detected a strange background noise signal. At first they thought it was a mistake due to a failure of the measuring equipment. But really what they had discovered was proof of the creation of the universe. This radiation represented when atoms receive electrons. At that moment the electron cloud disappeared.
The ship Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) named in honor of David Wilkinson, was launched on June 30, 2001 from Cape Canaveral, USA. Its mission is to study the universe and measure temperature differences seen in the microwave background radiation, a remnant of the Big Bang. Link to the news
The March 21, 2013, the Planck Space Telescope of the European Space Agency developed the most detailed to date of the cosmic microwave background map, the fossil radiation from the Big Bang. The red and yellow areas are the calientes.El blue and green are cooler regions.Link to the news
The Planck telescope image reflects the distribution of matter in the universe when it was 380,000 years old. Temperature differences reflect differences in the original density of the universe has more material zones than others. In the universe floating clouds of hydrogen and helium. The blue regions, no matter, would the empty areas of the universe. The denser, red and yellow areas give rise to galaxies, stars and planets.
200 million years later, clouds of hydrogen and helium gas would lead to the first stars. Then the universe began a period of light and splendor. The universe began to glow in all directions to form the breathtaking spectacle we see today when we look at the night sky. 1,000 million years after the Big Bang the first galaxies were formed. 8,000 million during the following years, he continued the process of formation of new galaxies.
About 5,000 million years (9,000 years since the Big Bang) does our sun formed and the planet Earth. Anything that contains the Earth is due to the Big Bang. The Big Bang created everything around us, the elements of the universe and even the laws of physics in a fleeting moment of creation.
The end of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory
There are two possibilities and scientists do not agree. Scientists have no answer to the question of whether or not the universe will have an end or whether it is infinite.
Heat Death
Today continues the expansion of the universe, but according to the theory of the Big Bang, will not forever. The universe had a beginning and will have an end. Currently the space is 150,000 million light years from one end to another of the universe.
As a result of the force of gravity or gravity that attracts the planets to each other, the outward movement will slow until canceled. From this time there will be a contraction of the Universe to its gravitational collapse; Big Crunch (Big Crunch), then disappearing into nothingness.
If the universe collapses could generate another Big Bang. It may have happened before and we are a generation over a long line of universes
Death Fria
But there are other theories that state that the universe might be infinite and can expand into eternity. We do not know if the Big Bang created an eternal universe, but what if it is true that the energy released today maintains the universe in a process of expansion. The Big Bang still.
Recent research results indicate that the universe is not slowing down, as we thought, but continues accelerating its expansion rate. They explain arguing that dark energy is repelling galaxies and ending the universe. This destructive force is at present undetectable and do not know why it exists and what is its origin. If dark energy continues to separate the universe, 100,000 billion years the Milky Way galaxy would be lonely. The universe began in a moment but would have a long and difficult cold end
The process of the Big Bang in numbers.
According to this theory, after the Big Bang, space, time, energy and matter was created, according to this process:
. 10 -43 seconds or Planck time all the mass and energy in the universe was compressed into a mass unimaginable temperature and density.
. The mass occupying a space 10 -20times smaller than an atomic nucleus and the forces of gravity, electromagnetism and strong and weak nuclear forces were unified.
. Because of its very high density, existing matter in the early Universe expanded rapidly. At 10 -35 seconds it started abruptly started expansion and reducing the temperature dropped to 1028 K. The universe expanded to reach 10to 50 times its original size.. It was leptonic : In the first millionth of a second the first constituent particles of matter are created. The matter arose from a burst DE10 temperature 27 K, and dropped to 10 14 K . elementary particles arise. quarks, leptons (electrons, neutrinos ...) mesons (consisting of pairs of quarks) and hadrons (protons and neutrons, consisting of triplets of quarks). The hydrogen and helium would have been the primary products of the Big Bang
It was the radiation: during the 10,000 first year. by the emission of gamma rays produced during the decomposition of deuterium or heavy hydrogen it is characterized.
It was the Decoupling: after 300,000 years. Matter and radiation decoupled. By expanding, helium and hydrogen cooled and condensed, then began the formation of galaxies . Hydrogen forms three-quarters of the mass of the universe, and the rest is mostly helium.
. As the universe was expanding, the residual radiation from the Big Bang continued to cool, reaching a temperature of about 3 K (-70 ° C). This background radiation microwave were detected by radio astronomers in 1964, providing what most astronomers consider the confirmation of the theory of the Big Bang
Big Bang: Earrings Questions
1) Why was the early universe so hot?
2) Why the explosion?
3) Why is the so uniform scale universe ?. Why temperatrura of the Cosmic Microwave Background is so similar no matter where we look?
4) Why is the universe began expanding at a rate close to the critical velocity ? The critical speed is the speed at which the universe will expand infinitely. If the rate had been somewhat smaller (1/10 12 times less than the critical) the universe would have collapsed before reaching its current size.
5) Although the universe is homogeneous on a large scale, it has singularities as stars and galaxies. What is the origin of density differences that led to these singularities
Experimental evidence of the Big Bang
The fact that the stars are moving away from us at speeds giant has been verified repeatedly. This is what experts call effect Doppler shift of the light spectrum we receive from the universe towards red . Estro means a universe expanding and not shrinking. Considering the redshift, the age of the universe is estimated at about 13.7 billion years, according to the latest estimates.
In 1949, Gamow said that if the big bang had occurred, radiation would accompany would have lost energy as the universe was expanding, and there should be in our time under the form of an emission of radio waves from all sides the sky. That is, this background radiation should be homogeneous and regardless of orientation. It would be in May 1964, when the German-American physicist Arno Allan Penzias and American radio astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilsonmanaged to detect the microwave background radiation that permeates the entire known universe.
Weakest points of the theory of the Big Bang
The Big Bang is one of the most abstract and difficult concepts to understand. What existed before the cosmic explosion? . The ancient philosophers believed that nothing could come out of nowhere. But according to the laws and equations of physics, you can create matter out of nothing. Our whole universe, everything we see and touch could be formed from scratch: The all originated nothing. The truth that no one can understand. Out of nowhere we went to a state of almost infinite density and infinite temperature. It seems impossible to put into words what happened immediately before and after the Big Bang.
How to explain that something came from nothing; This is the Holy Grail of the Universe, the great mystery.
One of the great unsolved scientific problems in the expanding universe model is whether the universe is open or closed; ie whether it will expand forever or will collapse as predicted by the Big Bang theory. Friedman established a critical density value, below which, gravitation is less than expansive impulse and the universe will expand without limits; and above which, gravitation eventually slowing expansion and shrinking it, until it collapses on itself.
The mass of a galaxy can be measured by observing the movement of the stars. Multiplying this mass by the number of clusters of galaxies one value much greater than the critical density value is obtained, which seems to indicate that the universe is closed. This means that at the end of the period collapse and back again. Ie there would be an infinite number of Big Bang which would result in an infinite number of universes.
The problem is that matter does not appear, the matter of the universe is invisible, it is called dark matter that lies within each cluster but outside the galaxies is visible. Until the phenomenon of hidden matter is understood, this method of determining the fate of the universe is unconvincing.
Most cosmologists are dedicated to locate dark matter. Hannes Alfvén, Nobel Prize in Physics, held the view that not only gravity but also plasma phenomena have the key to understanding the structure and evolution of the Universe.
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